Researchers from Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine of The University of Hong Kong (HKUMed) revealed insights into the mechanism of how coronaviruses including SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV-1, and MERS-CoV exploit a host protease called “cysteine-aspartic protease 6” (caspase-6) for efficient replication. The findings are peer reviewed and recently accepted for publication in the journal Nature.

Background

Upon entering the host cells, the ribonucleic acid (RNA) of coronaviruses will trigger the infected cells to secrete interferons that can inhibit virus replication within the infected cells and reduce the risk of infection among other uninfected cells. Meanwhile, the host cells will also undergo an apoptosis process, a programmed cell death that will eliminate cells from becoming factories of viral replication. Hence the interferon reaction and apoptosis process are the most important anti-virus mechanisms in human and animal cells.

Apoptosis is executed by cysteine-aspartic protease in human and animal cells, by which infected cells are eradicated to inhibit virus replication. The HKUMed team investigated the impact of caspase-6 on coronavirus replication in a series of cell lines, human ex vivo lung tissue, human intestinal organoids, and animal models. The team found that the chemical inhibition or gene depletion of caspase-6 significantly reduced coronavirus replication, while overexpressing caspase-6 efficiently promoted coronavirus replication.

Research methodology and findings

In a mouse model, chemical inhibitors of caspase-6 dramatically limited mouse-adapted MERS-CoV (MERS-CoVMA) replication and significantly improved the survival of mice from 33.3% to 80%. Moreover, MERS-CoVMA replication and MERS-CoVMA-induced lung damage were markedly reduced in the lungs of caspase-6 knockout mice. Similarly, in a hamster model, the specific chemical inhibitor against caspase-6 reduced SARS-CoV-2 replication and the associated inflammatory lung damage.

But how does the coronavirus harness caspase-6 to its benefit? Note that the interferon response is the most important and immediate antiviral defense of host cells. Our further investigations revealed that caspase-6 cleaved the coronavirus nucleocapsid (N) proteins, generating N fragments that interact with the host “interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3)” and stop it from entering the cell nucleus to initiate the interferon response. Thus, the viral N fragments serve as interferon antagonists, which facilitate virus replication.

Significance of the study

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