Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a complex disease with a wide range of symptoms, ranging from asymptomatic to very severe. Even though a majority of the people infected with this disease show mild symptoms, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has reported that in the USA alone, 4.9% of COVID-19 patients required hospitalization, from the start of the pandemic to March 2021. This disease is caused by a highly infectious RNA virus, namely, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2).

Previous studies have reported that in the case of mild disease, an immediate innate immune and interferon (IFN-I/III) response to SARS-CoV-2 infection occurs while adaptive immune responses initiate later. However, this is not so for individuals who suffer from a severe COVID-19 infection. Researchers have often observed a delayed or no IFN I/III response in severely infected patients with COVID-19 disease.

Several COVID-19 vaccines have received emergency use authorization (EUA) from various regulatory bodies, and, subsequently, vaccination programs have commenced in many countries around the globe. Even though vaccination is the first big step towards attaining “normalcy,” the emergence of new SARS-CoV-2 variants has posed a threat to the effectiveness of the approved vaccines. Hence, there is an urgent need to identify effective drugs to prevent and cure SARS-CoV-2 infection and lower the mortality rate.

The rapid development of COVID-19 therapeutics

Typically, the development of therapeutics via de novo pathways is a long, complex, and time-consuming process. Therefore, to come up with effective and rapid treatments, scientists have combined readily available drugs that are affordable, validated, and safe for the treatment of the COVID-19 disease.

Even though several studies have identified many potential compounds for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection, some challenging questions need to be addressed for their optimal use. Scientists believe in finding scientific answers to questions such as (a) which drug is most effective at what stage of the infection? and, (b) which combination of drugs could provide optimal results at a lower dose and with minimal side effects. Finding answers to these questions could help develop the most effective therapeutics against COVID-19 infection.

Signaling network model

A new study published on the bioRxiv* preprint server has developed the first computational model, i.e., a signaling network model, that can predict effective repurposed drug combinations to treat different phases of COVID-19 disease. This study has focused on identifying drugs for the treatment of early- and late-stage severe disease.

The current research is based on the results of previous studies from the same team of researchers that had successfully identified novel drug candidates and effectively combined different drugs to treat cancer.

In this study, they created a detailed network map of the interaction between SARS-CoV-2 and lung epithelial cells because, in the majority of the severely infected COVID-19 cases, there has been a history of extensive pulmonary infection.

The authors of this study have screened those drugs that are clinically approved or are in Phase II/III trials. Therefore, these drugs can be used immediately and benefit patients currently suffering from the SARS-CoV-2 infection.

As stated above, this model has been used to screen numerous drug combinations to establish effective recipes that can block either viral-host interactions or the pathogenic dysregulation of the immune response. Subsequently, researchers have identified several combinations of repurposed drugs that show the possibility to act together to inhibit viral replication in the early stages of the disease or prevent inflammation in the late stage.

In this study, researchers have used their executable model to conduct the in-silico screening of 9,870 pairs of 140 potential targets and have successfully identified 12 new drug combinations. Among these combinations, Camostat and Apilimod were predicted to be the most favorable combinations to inhibit viral replication in the early stages of severe disease. As per the mechanism, these drugs can effectively block the two key pathways for viral entry, i.e., via the cell membrane exploiting TMPRSS2 and through the endosomal route.

The authors of this study have shown that both the drugs work optimally in combination rather than alone. Further, this combination has been validated experimentally using human Caco-2 cells.

Significance of the newly developed mechanistic model of COVID-19 therapeutics

The main advantage of using this mechanistic modeling is a rapid pre-clinical assessment of combination therapies specifically designed to combat different stages of disease progression. This model helps understand why a particular treatment remains effective while others fail. Additionally, this computational model also helps determine the correct dose of drugs for a patient.  The scientists believe that this model could play an important role in containing the ongoing pandemic by identifying therapeutic strategies to manage COVID-19 disease at various stages.

*Important Notice

bioRxiv publishes preliminary scientific reports that are not peer-reviewed and, therefore, should not be regarded as conclusive, guide clinical practice/health-related behavior, or treated as established information.

Written by

Dr. Priyom Bose

Priyom holds a Ph.D. in Plant Biology and Biotechnology from the University of Madras, India. She is an active researcher and an experienced science writer. Priyom has also co-authored several original research articles that have been published in reputed peer-reviewed journals. She is also an avid reader and an amateur photographer.